HISTOIRE SUR LA CONSTRUCTION D'UN AVION T-4 TUEUR DE PORTE-AVION MAIS QUI A FINI AU MUSÉE.
Throughout the postwar history of the Soviet Union is continuously trying to find a cheap "antidote" to fight with the kings of the oceans - the U.S. nuclear aircraft carriers. The Soviet "asymmetric" solutions provide a submarine with ultra rocket torpedoes or cruise missiles, the nuclear missile cruiser with a hypersonic anti-ship missiles, a supersonic bomber with intelligent missiles.
Missile carrier Tu-160
The most expensive Soviet aircraft - multimode strategic missile carrier Tu-160. Designed primarily for breaking through the U.S. air defense system, with its task, he failed
The only flying prototype T-4, the aircraft "101", in 1975, was sent to eternal parking in Air Force Museum in Monino. Fragments of the plane "102" on display in a hangar at the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI), but were later cut into scrap. The same fate befell the partially assembled aircraft "103"
By the end of 1950 it became clear that the USSR can not adequately resist the U.S. nor the strategic aviation, nor in the Navy. Part of this could compensate for the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles, as, in fact, engaged in the Soviet Union. However, around the same time into the American military began to arrive the first atomic submarine missile capable of striking targets at ranges up to 2200 km. Deal effectively with the Soviet Union was not able to - space patrol submarines from the top was covered by American aircraft carriers. Penetrate the defense of the Soviet Navy carrier-based compounds could neither air nor the water or from under the water. The only way to destroy a U.S. aircraft carrier was to apply to it superfast missile with a special warhead, in other words, nuclear charge. Only here to get to the aircraft carrier-launched ballistic missile could not - the goal did not stand still. The existing aircraft, ships and submarines were not able to say nothing approach to a distance shot, but even find the target. The most realistic way to deal with aircraft carriers to the Soviet command saw the creation of air shock complex. He was supposed to consist of high-speed aircraft, which could be detected in a given area of carrier compound, and hypersonic missiles, capable of speeds of 4-5 times the speed of sound, to break the powerful air defense system aircraft carrier and strike its nuclear charge.
Maximum range against sea air defense systems at that time was 160 km, height - 30 km, and the speed destroys targets - 775 m / sec. This meant that the planes were available to strike at altitudes of up to 25 km and speeds of up to 2650 km / h.
None developed at the end of the 1950 Soviet supersonic strategic strike aircraft under these parameters are not appropriate. Project 135 KB Tupolev aircraft and M-52 KB Myasishcheva were made mainly of aluminum alloys and designed for maximum speeds of 2000-2500 km / h. However, in KB Myasishcheva develop other strategic bomber of the titanium alloy and alloy steels - M-56. The plane was able to withstand the kinetic heating plating to 3000S and reach speeds of more than 3000 km / h. However, it was originally designed as a strategic bomber, designed for the fighting load of 9 tons, and had excessive take-off mass of about 230 tons
Sotka
Hunter aircraft carriers had to have take-off mass of about 100 tons, cruising speed 3000 km / h and a ceiling of 24 km. When approaching the target aircraft at that speed and altitude radars Americans were unable to bring him an anti-aircraft missile. Impress prospective strike aircraft in the rear hemisphere could neither fighter-interceptors, or anti-aircraft missiles.
The new aircraft was to have a flight range of 6000-8000 km and carry at least two cruise missiles with ranges of 400-600 miles - it would allow him to not come within its coverage area of air defense systems. The rocket itself was to be a unique product - a speed of seven times the speed of sound, autonomous approach to the target and attack it.
State Committee on Aeronautical Engineering invited to participate in the competition for such an aircraft design bureau Tupolev, Sukhoi and Yakovlev - Mikoyan decided not to touch it, because his office was overwhelmed with work on the future of the MiG-25. The implication was that the competition will win the "bomber" Tupolev Design Bureau, and the "destroyer" KB were involved in the competition for visibility. Especially that Tupolev was to develop "Project 135" - could only increase its speed to the required 3000 km / h. Contrary to expectation, "destroyer" KB enthusiastically took up non-core subject. In the Sukhoi project headed by Oleg Samoilovich. Was chosen for the layout of the canard configuration with canards and isolated nacelles, inlets which advocated the front edge of the wing. According to initial calculations takeoff weight equal to 102 tons, hence the informal name of the project "Product 100" or simply "hundred part".
The collapse of the Patriarch
In July 1961 the scientific and technical advice, which summed up the contest. The first reported Tupolev. "Project 135" was subjected to the complete defeat: the aircraft was too heavy (take-off weight 190 tonnes) and is not passed through the high-speed performance - cruising speed 2500 km / h instead of the required 3000 km / h. Protection system Tupolev was built in terms of saving public funds: more profitable to build one type of universal, especially already developed the plane - "product 135. He could decide as strategic objectives, including nuclear strikes on U.S. territory, and the problem of further naval aviation.
The second of his "project Yak-35" reported Alexander Yakovlev. The plane looks like an American B-58 Hustler and Myasischev DB M-52, had a take-off mass of 84 tons, cruising speed 3300 km / h. At the end Yakovlev lunged toward the patriarch bomber aircraft: "Andrei offers remain on the aluminum. This means regression in aeronautical engineering. We are not doing anything new, but we need to move forward and develop new materials - titanium, steel. Tupolev has just slows the progress of aviation! "Tupolev jumped up and shouted:" The boy that you know in steel? I steel aircraft engaged, when you go under the table! You want to ruin the country? "Yakovlev said nothing.
Then your project aircraft T-4 (product 100), introduced Pavel Sukhoi. The machine, like the Yak-35, meets the requirements of the Air Force. The final conclusions have decided to do after the next board meeting in September 1961. Andrei Tupolev urgently gave the command to prepare for the contest aircraft "125", developed to replace the Tu-22. But the "125-cc" was originally created for other specifications and speed up to 2500 km / h. Time to remake it under 3000 km / h at the Tupolev was not. Therefore, a second Scientific and Technical Council of "Project 125" was not exactly the same reasons for which the rejected 135-st. The winner was declared the project Sukhoi. After some time in the Sukhoi Design Bureau came to the chairman of the State Commission for Aeronautical Engineering Petr Dementiev and directly asked Paul Osipovich abandon the project in favor of the Tupolev and give him all the materials: "This issue belongs to Tupolev. "Sorry - said dry - but I won the competition, not Andrei. So I will not give up the topic. Some time later he phoned Sukhoi Tupolev: "Pasha, you know how to make good fighters, but the bombers - no. This theme of mine, give up. "Just because I know how to do a good fighter, I'll do a good bomber" - cut
Dry. This stubbornness has not added to the designer's friends in the industry.
Engines
This unique aircraft demanded no less unique engine that could operate in an unprecedented high temperatures, rarefied air and non-traditional fuels. Initially, the T-4 will be installed at three different types of engines, but eventually settled on one - RD36-41, which led the development of Rybinsk OKB-36 (now NPO "Saturn"). The engine was a distant relative of the most powerful engine of the Soviet besforsazhnogo 1950 WA-7, which, in particular, the bombers were equipped with Myasischev DB 3M. Single-shaft engine plane was 11-stage compressor, afterburner and the two-stage air-cooled turbine blades of the first stage, which increased the temperature of the gas turbine inlet to 950K. On the creation of RD36-41 took a total of about ten years, and based on it were created more, not less unique engines: RD36-51A were standing on the passenger Tu-144, RD36-51B - sverhvysotnom spy on M-17 "Stratosphere" RD36-35 were used in tests of the orbital plane "Spiral".
Missiles
No less important than the aircraft, was his main weapon - the rocket hypersonic X-33, which also began the development of the Sukhoi, but was later transferred to Dubninskaya branch of OKB-155 (now the "Raduga"). The rocket was supposed to independently pursue the goal of aeroballistic trajectory at an altitude of 30 km at a speed in 6,5-7 times the speed of sound. After the release in the target region she found a carrier order, computes aircraft carrier, and it attacked him. This was unprecedented at the time the task - for its performance on board the X-33 set its own radar and inertial navigation system, which included the first digital computers. On the complexity of missile control system was not inferior airplane.
Upside down
Many new and was in the cockpit of the T-4. For the first time in the country for it was developed LED navigation and tactical situation, where on the television screen on-board radar data superimposed on the electronic image microfilmed maps covering almost the entire surface of the globe.
When designing aircraft designers constantly faced with a variety of never before problems encountered. For example, the layout of the aircraft, which won the competition, the chassis did not fit in the compartment intended for him. To exit from the situation offers a rather exotic solutions - air intakes imposed on the "back", and after a specified course of the plane was supposed to tumble down the cabin and so of flying. When boarding bomber was again inverted to its original state.
Equally fantastic was another solution, embodied in the plane. With a fuselage diameter of 2 meters at a speed of 3000 km / h, he lantern cockpit offered tremendous resistance, and the designers decided to use reject the nose. When flying at an altitude of 22-24 km per se does not appear around the black sky, so the nose of the raised and the flight takes place solely on instruments. When planting, as it deviates down and the pilot gets an excellent view through the windshield opened. This idea was met with hostility by the military and only the enthusiasm and credibility of the chief test pilot of the Sukhoi Vladimir Ilyushin, son of the legendary aircraft designer, will make the Air Force. Ilyushin also insisted on installing a periscope to review in advance - in case of accidental failure mechanism deviation bow. This decision was subsequently found application in civil and Tu-144 and Concorde.
By the way, the fairing has delivered a lot of problems for developers, and its creation was one of the most difficult tasks. He was supposed to be radio waves (radar antenna housed inside) and at the same time withstand the enormous strength and temperature (up to 4000C) load. As a result, the material has been developed on the basis of hundreds of glass fillers impregnated with heat-resistant binder. Sam represented the five-layer radome construction, which bore the brunt of the middle layer thickness of 1,5 mm. Outside the dome was covered with thermo-and weather-resistant silicone coating.
Flying
In spring 1972 the first flying prototype of the T-4 (product 101) was ready for flight tests, but because of summer forest fires and peat bogs around Moscow was making thick smoke and the visibility of the runway LII
them. Gromov was almost zero. Therefore, the first flight took place only on Aug. 22, 1972. Piloted the plane Hero of the Soviet Union Vladimir Ilyushin, and co-driver Nick Alferov. The first phase was carried out a total of nine flights, with the first five were cleared away from the chassis. The plane managed well, did not demand that the pilot of attention, breaking the sound barrier is calm, and the time of his address was marked only by instruments. The military, closely followed the trials aircraft, came from his enthusiasm and booked in the coming five-year period (1975-1980) the first batch of 250 cars! For machines of this class is a record edition.
End "sotki"
Tushinsky Engineering Works (TMZ), who built Sukhoi Design Bureau for an experimental batch of seven aircraft, could not produce them commercially, especially in the quantities ordered. The only plant that could acquire such an order, - Kazan Aviation. In Kazan unfolded training equipment for the production of the newest bomber. This meant that the Tupolev was losing its main production base. This could not allow any Tupolev himself, nor his patron, the Minister of Aviation Industry Petr Dementiev. Under the pretext release a modified version of the Tu-22 (and in fact, quite a new aircraft Tu-22M) Sukhoi "squeezed out" from the Kazan plant.
Meanwhile, the second phase of testing. January 22, 1974 took place on the tenth flight of the hundred square, where the T-4 reached an altitude of 12 km and Mach 1.36. At this stage, expected to bring the rate up to 3000 km / h (M = 2.
and begin testing machine "102" with a set of full-time radio.
To build the first 50 planes Sukhoi offered in Tushino engineering plant, assuming it completely rebuilt, it was unlikely due to lack of funds. But Dementiev deprived Sukhoi and the small chance. At a regular meeting with the Minister of Defense, he persuaded him to close the program T-4, open on TMZ manufacture wings for the latest Soviet MiG-23. Grechko agreed, and in March 1974, all work on test T-4 stopped without explanation.
Until his death on Sept. 15, 1975 Pavel Sukhoi has not received a full answer about the reasons for freezing the project of T-4. Only
January 28, 1976 order was issued the Ministry of Aviation Industry under number 38, which shut down work on the program product 100. The same order Peter Dementiev meant and the reason: "In order to concentrate forces and funds to build the Tu-160".
Aircraft "101" was sent to eternal parking in Moninsky Museum, where it remains today. In 1976, after the order, the Sukhoi Design Bureau has submitted an estimate for the cost of aircraft T-4, which is the price at that time was a fantastic sum of 1.3 billion rubles. The government was uproar, but this latest outburst of emotions on the "sq.m." or whatever you brought.
Unsinkable
No aircraft in the Soviet Union, either before or after the T-4 had a number of original designs. Virtually all major assemblies, systems and components of the aircraft were developed at the level of inventions - they were recorded around 600. It was indeed a giant leap forward in aircraft. Only here at the time of the closing theme aircraft was no longer able to solve its basic task - to break defense by carrier-based warrants and destruction of an aircraft carrier. As, however, were unable to solve any Soviet submarines with torpedoes ultra "Squall" and cruise missiles, or nuclear missile cruiser.
On the other hand, who came to replace a supersonic strategic bomber Tu-160 in today's wars, too, was not needed. Devoured with no fewer funds.
In preparing the material with the consent of the author used the book "Impact reconnaissance aircraft T-4" Ildar Bedretdinova
May 2008 | Author: Alexander Greek
Sujet: Re: Armée Russe 
Sam 7 Nov - 12:39
Les nostalgiques Russes que nous voyons sur cette photo ont dû être bouleversés en apprenant qu'une statue de Lénine a été déboulonnée, de nuit, dans une grande ville...les temps changent.
